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1.
Acta amaz ; 47(4): 365-368, Oct.-Dec. 2017. map, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1455344

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Amblypygids are among the main predators in the ferriferous caves in Carajás National Forest, state of Pará (Amazon region of Brazil). One of the most common amblypygid species in this region is Heterophrynus longicornis (Butler 1873), and its most frequent prey are crickets of the family Phalangopsidae, which are abundant in the caves of Pará. Because they are primarily predators, necrophagy by amblypygids is not frequent in nature, and there are only two literature records of necrophagy of bats by Amblypygi. On December 11th, 2013, we observed an individual H. longicornis eating a bat carcass in a Pará ferriferous cave. The amblypygid exhibited considerable interest in the bats carcass, and it did not interrupt its meal even when lamps or a cameras flash were pointed in its direction. The availability of nutrients in the carcass must promote this opportunistic behavior in caves, especially considering the habitual scarcity of trophic resources in underground environments when compared to epigean environments.


RESUMO Amblipígios são considerados um dos principais predadores em cavernas de litologia ferrífera localizadas na Floresta Nacional de Carajás no estado do Pará (região da Amazônia brasileira). Uma das espécies de amblipígios mais comuns nesta região é Heterophrynus longicornis (Butler 1873), e uma das presas mais frequentes são grilos da família Phalangopsidae, abundantes nas cavernas do Pará. Por serem predadores, a necrofagia em amblipígeos foi pouco observada na natureza, sendo que existem dois registros na literatura sobre necrofagia de morcegos por amblipígios. Em 11 de dezembro de 2013, observamos um H. longicornis se alimentando da carcaça de um morcego em uma caverna de litologia ferrífera da Floresta Nacional de Carajás. Aparentemente, havia um interesse considerável pela carcaça do morcego por parte do amblipígio, uma vez que o indivíduo não interrompeu sua alimentação, mesmo quando iluminado por lanternas e o flash da câmera. A abundância de nutrientes na carcaça deve favorecer este comportamento oportunístico em cavernas, especialmente quando se considera a habitual escassez de recursos tróficos destes ambientes subterrâneos, quando comparados a ambientes epígeos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Food Chain , Chiroptera/metabolism , Chiroptera/blood
2.
Braz. j. biol ; 73(3): 629-635, ago. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-689857

ABSTRACT

Seasonal variation is a key factor regulating energy metabolism and reproduction in several mammals, including bats. This study aimed to track seasonal changes in the energy reserves of the insectivorous bat Molossus molossus associated with its reproductive cycle. Adult males were collected during the four neotropical annual seasons in Viçosa - MG, Brazil. Blood and tissues were collected for metabolic analysis and testes were removed for histology and morphometry. Our results show that liver and breast muscle glycogen concentrations were significantly lower in winter. The adiposity index was significantly higher in the fall compared to winter and spring. Seminiferous tubules were greater in diameter in animals captured in fall and winter, indicating a higher investment in spermatic production during these seasons. The percentage of Leydig cells was higher in summer compared to fall and winter. We suggest that M. molossus presents a type of seasonal reproduction with two peaks of testicular activity: one in fall, with higher sperm production (spermatogenesis), and another in summer, with higher hormone production (steroidogenesis). The metabolic pattern may be associated with reproductive events, especially due to the highest fat storage observed in the fall, which coincides with the further development of the seminiferous tubules.


A variação sazonal é um fator chave na regulação do metabolismo energético e da reprodução em vários mamíferos, incluindo os morcegos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as reservas energéticas do morcego insetívoro Molossus molossus ao longo das estações anuais associadas ao seu ciclo reprodutivo. Foram coletados machos adultos durante as quatro estações anuais na cidade de Viçosa - MG, Brasil. Para as análises metabólicas foram coletados tecidos e sangue, e os testículos foram removidos para análises histológicas e morfométricas. Os resultados mostram que as concentrações de glicogênio no fígado e músculo peitoral foram significativamente menores no inverno. O índice adiposo foi significativamente maior no outono em relação ao inverno e primavera. Os túbulos seminíferos apresentaram maiores diâmetros nos animais coletados no outono e inverno, indicando um maior investimento na produção espermática durante estas estações. A porcentagem de células de Leydig foi maior no verão em comparação com outono e inverno. Sugere-se que M. molossus apresenta um tipo de reprodução sazonal com dois picos de atividade testicular: uma no outono, com maior produção de espermatozóides (espermatogênese), e outra no verão, com maior produção de hormônio (esteroidogênese). O padrão metabólico pode estar associado a eventos reprodutivos, especialmente devido ao maior armazenamento de gordura observado no outono, que coincide com o desenvolvimento dos túbulos seminíferos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Chiroptera/metabolism , Energy Metabolism/physiology , Seasons , Seminiferous Tubules/growth & development , Adiposity/physiology , Chiroptera/classification , Chiroptera/physiology , Glycogen/analysis , Lipids/analysis , Seminiferous Tubules/cytology , Spermatogenesis/physiology
3.
Braz. j. biol ; 72(2): 299-304, May 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-639438

ABSTRACT

A new class of insecticide derived from fermentation of Sacharopolyspora spinosa - spinosad, has been indicated as being of low toxicity and a natural alternative to classical pesticides. In order to elucidate several aspects related to the morphophysiological changes induced by spinosad in Artibeus lituratus, the effects of a seven-day administration on plasma glucose, glycogen, protein and lipid concentrations were evaluated, and possible changes in liver cells were examined by histological analysis. Animals were fed with spinosyn-contaminated fruit through immersion in a solution. Data reporting on metabolism revealed a decrease in hind limb muscle lipid concentration in the treated group. Morphological analysis indicated a significant increase in liver cell diameter in treated animals compared to the control group. This study indicates that spinosyn, used at its recommended dose, does not affect general energy metabolism in A. lituratus but may affect some ultrastructural characteristics of liver cells.


Uma nova classe de inseticida derivado da fermentação de Sacharopolyspora spinosa - espinosade - tem sido indicada como uma alternativa natural de baixa toxicidade aos agrotóxicos clássicos. A fim de elucidar diversos aspectos relacionados às mudanças morfofisiológicas induzidas por espinosade Artibeus lituratus, os efeitos da administração durante sete dias sobre a glicose plasmática, proteína de glicogênio, e as concentrações de lipídios foram avaliados, assim como possíveis alterações nas células do fígado foram examinadas por análise histológica. Os animais foram alimentados com frutas contaminadas com espinosade por meio de imersão em uma solução. Os dados sobre o metabolismo revelaram um decréscimo na concentração de lipídios dos músculos das patas posteriores dos animais do grupo tratado. A análise morfológica indicou um aumento significativo no diâmetro das células do fígado dos animais tratados em relação ao controle. Este estudo indica que o espinosade, utilizado na dose recomendada, não afeta o metabolismo energético em geral de A. lituratus, mas pode afetar algumas características ultraestruturais das células hepáticas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Chiroptera/metabolism , Energy Metabolism/drug effects , Insecticides/pharmacology , Liver/pathology , Macrolides/pharmacology , Blood Glucose/analysis , Chiroptera/classification , Drug Combinations , Glycogen/analysis , Lipids/analysis , Liver/drug effects
4.
Braz. j. biol ; 70(3): 617-621, Aug. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-555274

ABSTRACT

Metabolic adaptations induced by 24 and 48 hours of fasting were investigated in male and female insectivorous bats (Molossus molossus Pallas, 1766). For this purpose, plasma glucose, non esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glycogen, protein and lipids concentrations in liver and muscles were obtained. Data presented here demonstrate that fed bats showed plasma glucose levels similar to those reported for other mammal species. In response to fasting, glycemia was decreased only in 48 hours fasted females. Plasma NEFA levels were similar in both sexes, and did not exhibit any changes during fasting. Considering the data from energy reserve variations, fed females presented an increased content of liver glycogen as well as higher breast muscle protein and limbs lipids concentrations, compared to fed males. In response to fasting, liver and muscle glycogen levels remained unchanged. Considering protein and lipid reserves, only females showed decreased values following fasting, as seen in breast, limbs and carcass lipids and breast muscle protein reserves, but still fail to keep glucose homeostasis after 48 hours without food. Taken together, our data suggest that the energy metabolism of insectivorous bats may vary according to sexual differences, a pattern that might be associated to different reproduction investments and costs between genders.


As adaptações metabólicas induzidas pelo jejum foram investigadas em morcegos insetívoros machos e fêmeas (Molossus molossus Pallas, 1766) alimentados e submetidos ao jejum por 24 e 48 horas. Para este propósito, análises plasmáticas de glucose, ácidos graxos livres, glicogênio, proteína e lipídios do fígado e músculos foram analisados. Os dados obtidos demonstraram que o nível de glicose plasmática em morcegos alimentados foi similar ao apresentado por outras espécies de mamíferos. No entanto, em resposta ao jejum, a glicemia de fêmeas diminuiu significativamente após 48 horas, enquanto os níveis circulantes de machos permaneceram constantes. Os níveis de ácidos graxos não esterificados no plasma foram similares em ambos os sexos, e não houve mudança durante o jejum. Em relação às reservas energéticas, fêmeas alimentadas apresentaram maior teor de glicogênio no fígado, de proteína armazenada no músculo peitoral e lipídios nos músculos dos membros anteriores e posteriores, em comparação aos machos alimentados. Em resposta ao jejum, somente as fêmeas mostraram diminuição de algumas reservas energéticas, como a reserva lipídica dos músculos dos membros anteriores e posteriores, da carcaça e da reserva proteica do músculo peitoral. Apesar desta mobilização, as fêmeas, diferentemente dos machos, demonstraram uma incapacidade de manter a homeostase da glicose após 48 horas sem o alimento. Nossos dados sugerem que o metabolismo energético de morcegos insetívoros varia de acordo com o sexo, sendo que o padrão metabólico pode estar associado a diferenças de custo energético no investimento reprodutivo entre machos e fêmeas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Chiroptera/metabolism , Energy Metabolism/physiology , Fasting/metabolism , Liver/chemistry , Muscles/chemistry , Chiroptera/physiology , Fasting/physiology , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/analysis , Glucose/analysis , Glycogen/analysis , Lipids/analysis , Liver/metabolism , Muscles/metabolism , Proteins/analysis , Sex Factors
5.
Rev. biol. trop ; 53(1/2): 277-280, mar.-jun 2005. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-455506

ABSTRACT

We examined the protoplasmic assimilation of columnar cacti pollen grains in two species of Venezuelan desert glosophagine bats, Glossophaga longirostris and Leptonycteris curasoae, by determining the amount of empty (digested) pollen grains found in their fecal samples. To determine the amount of empty pollen grains, the fecal samples were stained to differ between empty and full (non-digested) pollen grains. The number of empty and full pollen grains observed in the fecal samples were corrected using the amount of aborted pollens present (before anthesis) in flowers of the columnar cacti species (Subpilocereus repandus, Stenocereus griseus and Pilosocereus tillianus ) used by bats as food in the study site; G. longirostris and L. curasoae digested 64.2% and 71.3% of all the pollens fed, respectively. These high values confirm the importance of pollen in the diet of these bats, given its high nitrogen level


Para estudiar la asimilación protoplasmática de los granos de polen de cactáceas columnares en dos especies de murciélagos glosofaginos, determinamos el porcentaje de granos de polen vacíos (digeridos) en muestras fecales de Glossophaga longirostris y Leptonycteris curasoae , capturados en una zona árida de Venezuela. Para determinar el porcentaje de granos de polen digeridos por los murciélagos, aplicamos un colorante sobre las muestras fecales que permite diferenciar sin dificultad el polen vacio del polen lleno. Después de cuantificar los granos de polen de ambas categorías en las muestras fecales, los valores fueron corregidos tomando en cuenta el porcentaje de polen vacío (previo a la antesis) en las flores maduras de las especies de cactáceas columnares (Subpilocereus repandus, Stenocereus griseus y Pilosocereus tillianus ). G. longirostris asimila el 64.2% de los granos de polen que ingiere y L. curasoae asimila el 71.3%. Estos elevados porcentajes confirman la importancia del polen en la dieta de estos murciélagos, dado su alto contenido de nitrógeno


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Cactaceae/metabolism , Chiroptera/metabolism , Digestion/physiology , Pollen/metabolism , Feces/chemistry , Species Specificity , Statistics, Nonparametric
7.
Ciênc. cult. (Säo Paulo) ; 48(1/2): 14-7, Jan.-Apr. 1996.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-191236

ABSTRACT

A brief historical review is presented concerning comparative studies carried out in the last years on vertebrate antioxidant defenses. In the first part of the article, "Protein-SH: Sugestive remarks", the role of protein thiols is discussed, specially focusing on the function of SH-rich hemoglobins in vertebrates. A functional relationship between animals possessing SH-rich hemoglobins and the ecophysiological characteristics they exbibit related to diving, to high oxygen consumption, and/or to physiological hypoxia during exercise is suggested. The production of reactive oxygen species during hypoxia/reperfusion, or hypoxia alone, and SH activation, are in agreement with the argument that at least part of the thiol groups of SH-rich hemoglobins can act as antioxidant. In the second part of the article, "Comments on antioxidant defenses in fishes and bats", a synthesis of the experiments performed in the last three years is presented. Results were obtained mainly according to new insights emerged from comparative studies conducted in diverse phylogenetic groups of vertebrates. In a first step a correlation between activity level of some marine fish species and atioxidant defenses (AD) was observed; then the AD status was studied in different phylogenetic fish groups. Further experiments were done in a single marine fish species, aiming to demonstrate a relationship between AD and fish ontogeny, and also between fish AD and seasonal changes. It was also demonstrated that fish can get rid of hydrogen peroxide by a single diffusion through the gills. Microchiropteran bats were also analyzed because they experience drastic changes in oxygen consumption due to the torpor nechanism, and also because they are characterized by an unusually high longevity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Hemoglobins , Proteins , Vertebrates , Fishes/metabolism , Free Radicals , Oxygen Consumption , Chiroptera/metabolism
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